Cigarette-packing machine.



G. B. FLAGG.

CIGARETTE PACKING MACHINE.

APPLICATION FILED DEC. 12. 1914.

Patented May 29, 1917.

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CIGARETTE PACKING MACHINE.

APPLICATION FILED DEC 12 1914 Illl 1 Patented May 29, 1917.

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G. B. FLAGG.

CIGARETTE PACKING MAC HINE. APPLICATION FILED DEC. 12. 1914.

mmww Patented May 29, 1917.

5 SHEETS-SHEET 3- iki i w Mine/Mao: 5i noel H01 I, my 41g G. B. FLAGG.

CIGARETTE PACKING MACHINE.

APPLICATION FILED DEC. 12, 1914.

Patented May 29, 1917.

5 SHEETS-SHEET 4.

G. B. FLAGG. CIGARETTE PACKING MACHINE.

5 SHEETS-SHEET 5i Patented May 29, 1917.

APPLICATION FILED DEC. 12. 1914' GEORGE B. FLAGG, OF NEW YORK, N. Y.

CIGARETTE-PACKING MACHINE.

Specification of Letters Patent.

Patented May 29, 191'7.

I Application filed December 12, 1914. Serial No. 876,792.

To all whom it may concern:

Be it known that I, GEORGE B. FLAGG, a citizen of the United States, and resident of the borough of Manhattan, city, county, and

State of New York, have invented certain new and useful Improvements in Cigarette- Packing Machines, of which the following is a specification.

This invention relates to cigarette packing machines and has for its object to provide a machine of this class which will continuously and automatically form cigarette box parts, place the proper number of cigarettes therein, close the box and discharge them successively from the machine.

A further object of the invention is to provide a machine of this class which will operate upon cigarettes of oval or other noncircular cross section and arrange the cigarettes in rows in overlapped relation in the boxes.

vA. further object of my invention is to provide a machine of this character in which means are provided by which the cigarettes may all be arranged in the box in the same position as regards the printed label on the face of the cigarette, with the stamped ends facing outwardly at the opening end of the box of cigarettes so. that the packages have the appearance of the more expensive hand packed boxes.

The invention also has for its object to provide improved mechanical devices for carrying out the above operations with rapidity and precision without necessitatlng skilled high priced. operators.

With the above objects in view my invention consists in the mechanism shown in the accompanying drawings wherein,

Figure 1 is a side elevation of my improved machine;

Fig. 2 is a planview thereof;

Figs. 3-, 4, 5 and 6 are transverse sectlonal views on correspondingly numbered lines of Fi 1- Fig. is a detailed view on a large scale ofa portion of the machine;

Figs. 8 to 12 are detailed views whlch W111 be later described.

Fig. 13 shows the the machine.

Before describing the mechanism a brief package produced by description will be given of the successive steps performed by the machine. The cigarette box blanks are fed into the traveling carrier of the machine from a sultable magazine and are then shaped to form the slide which receives the cigarettes. The cigarettes are contained in a suitable hopper from which they are fed onto a second traveling conveyer parallel with the first conveyerand from which they are thrust into box slides on the first conveyor. The flaps of the filled box slides are then closed and the slide is thrust into the shuck or outer cover of the box which is fed into position from a suitable magazine and opened to receive the slide, and the finished package discharged from the machine. The operation of the machine takes lace successively as will be obvious, and when one slide is in position to be folded another will be filled, etc.

7 The machine comprises a frame or table 1 of a suitable construction for providing proper support for the various parts thereof, and extending substantially the length of the table is a conveyer chain 2 whose links form the box shaping and supporting molds. At one end of the machine,.which will be hereinafter designated as the front, the mold chain is carried by a chain pulley 3, mounted on a'fixed axle 5 in a suitable horizontal fork- 4 attached to the frame. Projecting through the axle 5 and rotatably supported in bearings in the fork 4, is a tubular shaft 6 closed at one end and connected at its open end through a valve joint 8 with a suitable vacuum pump. The shaft 6 is driven by a sprocket 7 and at either side of the wheel 3 is provided with radially projecting tubular rods 9 which terminate in suction pickers 10 by means of which the box blanks are lifted from their magazine 11 and brought to position to be folded into slides A.

The chain is moved intermittently as will be later described and successively brings the mold pocket-s beneath a plunger 12 mounted for reciprocation on a suitable standard projecting above the upper flight of the chain. The picker shaft 6 is rotated independently of the carrier wheel and for each advance of the chain through a distance equal to one mold, the pickers make one complete revolution. The valve 8 comprises a stationary part forming a cap of the air pipe and a rotating part carried on the end of the shaft 6, and working against the face of the stationary part. The two parts are provided with eccentric orifices so arranged that they Will register with each other through a portion of the travel of the picker from a point just over the magazine 11 to a point beneath the lunger 12, so that the blank will be lifted rom the magazine and brought to position over the mold when the forming plunger is reached.

The blanks in the magazine are raised against the pickers by means of a follower 13 forming a false bottom for the magazine, and forced upward by a weight 14 as shown more particularly in Fig. 1. The follower is held-against movement by the friction of a rod 15 against the stem of the follower, which friction is relieved at the moment that the pickers are over the magazine by means of the cam 16 whereby the rod is momentarily released so that the weight will intermittently raise the blanks into a position for the topmost blank to be engaged by the pickers and lifted off the magazine.

As shown in Figs. 1 and 7 each link of the chain consists of a solid piece formed on its upper surface with a transverse recess of the same dimensions as the flat face of the box slide, and of a depth substantially equal to the edge flaps of the. slide blank. The chain molds are open at the side to permit the end flaps of the blank to project beyond the edges of the chain.

At the moment that the mold and the blank held'by the pickers come into registry with the plunger 12, the plunger is actuated by its crank mechanism 17 which forces the blank down into the mold and folds up the edge flaps as shown, as the mold of the chain wheel containing the partly folded blank passes on the end flaps engage the stationary folders 18 and 19 respectively located on either side of the path of the chain asshown in Fig. 2. These folders fold the end blanks upon the previously scored fold lines over upon theback of the box so that the flaps will lie flat against the under horizontal faces of the folders. The folder 18 is continued as a flat guide bar overlying the chain pockets throughout substantially the length of the chain. The folder 19 is however of just suflicient length to properly fold the blank, and beyond the folder a second folder 20 is provided which engages on the edge of the folded flap and folds the same outwardly inte position to be engaged by a third folder 21 which turns the flap down against the edge of the mold of the chain leaving the end of the box open for the reception of the cigarettes, the flap being held in this position by a bar 22 extending along side of, and just beneath the upper surface of the chain. I have not shown the construction 2% which keeps the cigarettes moving down the exit incline 25, whence they pass one by one into the receiving pockets 26 on the belt 27 as shown in Fig. 8, the cigarette pockets comprising semi-tubular raised metal pieces attached to the face of a belt and a distance apart suflicient for the separate cigarettes to be reached by the fingers of the operator who will be' positioned as indicated at 28 in Fig. 2.

As shown in Fig. 8 the lower end of the chute 25 is furnished at its lower end with a feed slide 25 having a slot 25 through which the cigarette will drop when the slot registers with the chute. The slide is provided with a spring for holding it in closed position and with an operating lever 25 which is engaged as the cigarette belt advances by one edge of the cigarette pocket which is extended above the other for the purpose. One side of the chute 25 is provided with a hinged section 25 which is swung inwardly by a weight 25 to frictionally hold the cigarettes above the bottom one while the lowermost is dropped into the pocket on the chain The hinged portion is swung-outwardly by a cam on the slide 25 when the cigarette pocket which operates the slide passes clear of the lever 25 and the spring returns the slide. It will be understood that the belt 27 is advanced internnttently, the distance of each advance being equal to the distance between the centers of the cigarette pockets.

The pockets on the belt 27 are of an inverted bell shape so that a cigarette received on edge from the hopper will be held on edge by the narrow lower part of the holder, and a clgarette received with one of its large faces upper most will be retained in the upper flaring part of the holder until it can be turned as will be later described The movement of the belt is so timed that the openmg in the slide will permit the cigarette to drop into the pocket beneath the chute and return just as the belt comes to rest.

As the cigarettes travel past the operator positioned at 28 she will turn the cigarettes so that they all will be on edge in their pockets with the printed labels facing in the same direction and at the same end of the cigarettes so that in the finished box they will present the appearance shown in Fig.13.

Beyond the cigarette hopper there is arranged a pusher 30, as shown more partlcularly in Fig. 3, whose function is to push the cigarettes one by one out of their pockets, as the pockets come to rest in registration with the pusher, into the open end of the box slide in the adjacent pocket of the chain 2. The chain is advanced intermittently by a mechanism which'moves the chain nine successive steps each equal to the distance between the centers of the by the space in the division.

32 working in parallelism with the pusher 30 in its standard 33 and actuated by means of a rotary cam 34 continuously driven from the driving shaft of the machine through a longitudinal shaft 34*.

In order to properly position the cigarettes in the slide and prevent them being jarred out of place by the vibration of the machine, I provide a pair of detached guides-36 each consisting of a top plate ofa length to rest-on the'edges of the slide pockets between the shoulders 37 provided for the purpose as shown in Fig 2, which plate is provided with a series of downwardly projecting fins 38 which divide the box slide into ten divisions of equal size each adapted to receive a cigarette as projected from the cigarette belt by the pusher. The distance from the bottom of the guide 36 to the bottom of the slide is sufficient to easily accommodate the cigarette when positioned vertically on edge. In a cigarette box of this character it is desired, however, that the cigarettes be arranged in the finished boxin an inclined overlapped position in which position they occupy less bulk than when arranged either flattened or on edge. I therefore provide the guides 36 with means for tilting all cigarettes in one direction to bring them into the desired position with the label side uppermost. which means comprises a filling 39 of solder or other suitable material (see Fig. 7 in one corner at the base of each division 38 of the guide. This filling is sufficient in thick-' ness to prevent the cigarettes tilting in-that direction and as the edge of the cigarette provides an unstable base for the cigarette the vibration of the machine will cause the cigarettes to incline slightly in a direction away from the filling as far as permitted The tilting of the cigarettes is further effected by withdrawal of the guide in the manner which will now describe.

The guides are entirely detached from the working parts of the machine but are automatically inserted and withdrawn from the slides. Two guides are provided and on the back of each is a hook 40 bent toward the side of the machine as shown in Fig. 3. C0- operating with the hook 40 is a second similar hook 41 loosely pivoted to a chain or belt 42 to hang downwardly in a' position to interlock with the hook 40 when the point of attachment of the hook to the belt is passing over the carrierv chain. The chain 42 is carried by two sprocket wheels 43 arranged over the carrier chain and spaced apart a distance somewhat greater than the distance between two of the pockets of the chain. The chain 42 is driven at a speed sufficient for the hook 41 to make a complete'circuit of the path of the chain plus the distance between the two wheels during the time that the hook 40 of the guide is carried from the position under the center of one of the wheels 43 to the position under the center of the next wheel.

The operation of this device is as follows: The lower flight of the chain is positioned sufficiently close to'the carrier chain for the hook 4:1 to drop below the path of movement .of the hook 40 when the hook 4:1 is passing on the lower side of the chain. When the machine has been started in operation one of the guides will be carried by the hook 41 at all times except when the hook is passing on the lower side of the chain between the centers of the sprocket wheels. When the hook reaches the point beneath the center of the sprocket 43* the guide will be released as describedand drop into the box slide. The hook travels much faster than the carrier chain and when it reaches the position under the center of the sprocket 43 it will have overtaken the guide in the slide immediately in front, the hook 41 passing under the hook 40. At this point the 1100 begins to be elevated by the chain and consequently interlocks with the hook 40 and lifts the guide out of the box slide. As the speed of the chain 42 is greater than that of the carrier chain the guide will not be lifted in an absolutely vertical direction but will be moved slightly forward as it is withdrawn thereby insuring that all the cigarettes are turned into an inclined po-' sition as indicated at the left of Fig. 4E.

The carrier chain 2 extends beyond the cigarette belt 27 and immediately beyond the cigarette belt there is supported on the frame of the machine adjacent the edge of the chain a folding shoe 50 having a cam surface shaped to lift the flap of the slide as it passes from under the fixed guide 22 and fold it over and down on top of the cigarettes in the same manner as the bottom flap. As stated above the folder 1-; for the bottom flap extends in the form of a guard over the face of the carrier and past the position in which the cigarettes are placed in the slides. This guard extends to a position opposite the folder 50. Immediately beyond the end of the guard and folder and forming substantially a continuation of the same is a pair of fixed guide plates 51 completely covering the position of the boxmold and extending beyond the chain at one side over a stationary table 52. shown more particularly in Fig. 5.

The extended portions of the plates 51 are bent downwardly at their lateral edges as shown at 53 in Fig. 5 and are integral with a bottom plate resting upon the table 52, the whole providing a chute forming a continuation of the mold of the carrier chain. At the opposite side of the carrier chain the frame is extended as shown at 54 to provide a support for the reciprocating pusher and its operating. mechanism which is driven from the shaft 34- by the chain 57. This mechanism comprises a cam 56 which reciprocates the pusher once at each tenth step of the carrier chain through a distance sufficient to push the filled slide out of the mold and into the outer shell S, as will now be described. The chute is provided with a tapering, telescoping extension 58 supported for a short swinging movement in the line of the length of the chute upon a pivoted link 59 depending from a suitable support 60 on the main frame and yieldingly held by equalizing springs 60 in a central position. The shells S are retained in position in a suitable magazine 61 supported on the table 52 adjacent the car rier chain. The shells are deposited in the magazine in flattened condition and are ejected from the magazine into a holder 62 in line with the chute 58 to receive the slide as it is thrust out of the chute.

The cam 56 is shaped so that the pusher expels the slide from the mold during an interval of rest of the chain and is returned to its position of rest before the edge of the mold plate can engagethe stem of the pusher.

The back of the holder 62 into which the shell is expanded is provided with a spring supported plate 70 at the side away from the pusher. The first movement of the slide into the extension 58 causes the extension to advance with the slide as permitted by the swinging support until its small end projects into the open end of the shell and the stop 58 engages the stop 58*- on the holder. The further movement of the slide will carry it into the shell and against the back plate 70, forcing the plate back against the tension of its spring, the shell moving back with the slide and oil the end of the chute which is held-by the stops and is returned to normal position through its springs.

For feeding the shells out of the magazine, the magazine is provided with a re ciprocating pusher 63 mounted for reciprocation beneath the magazine and forming-in effect the bottom of the magazine. The pusher is provided with a shoulder adapted to engage the lower edge of the collapsed box shell and feed out the lowermost shell on to the table beneath the holder 62 which the collapsed shell is forced to cause the shell to be expanded into rectangular form to receive the slide.

The pusher 63 is operated by racks 66 on the bottom of the table which are engaged by pinions 67 operated through mutilated gear 68 driven from the power shaft through suitable chain connections. It will be understood that one of the gears 68 is driven in one direction and one in the other so that the pusher 63 is alternately moved in opposite directions with an equal interval of rest between its movements. In the interval of rest after the-advance and before the return of the pusher, the box slide is forced through the chute 58 into the shell. The backward movement of the pusher 63 starts as soon as the shell'is clear of the chute and as the shell cannot move backward with the pusher on account of the front wall of the magazine, the pusher moves out from under the shell permitting it to drop into any suitable receptacle or upon a delivery belt not shown which delivers the finished box from the machine.

To open the shells S it is usually merely necessary to press on the opposite side edges of the shell but in some cases particularly when the blank has been long under pressure, the shell may merely buckle under mere pressure instead of opening. To guard against this I provide the pusher 63 with a false bottom 63 which is hinged near the feed shoulder of the pusher and is provided with a spring to raise its forward edge and elevate the edge of the box blank into the corner of the holder so that the pressure of the pusher is inclined to the plane of the face of the shells and hence in a direction to open the shell. A stationary cam 63 (Fig. 5) is attached to the frame to depress the bottom 63 as it returns under the magazine.

By the above description I have described the sequence of operation of the various parts without describing the mechanical connections by which themovements are effected as it is obvious that Various mechanical equivalents may be employed for the purpose. I have, however, shown in the drawings an operative system of power connections for the various parts which I will now briefly explain.

All parts of the machine are driven from a suitable power shaft 80 mounted in the lower frame work of the machine at about the middle of its length, a belt wheel or suitable motor being provided for continuously operating the shaft. The shaft 80 is provided with two cam wheels each of which operates a suitable ratchet mechanism I for driving the two carriers. One cam wheel 81 is provided with nine projections of equal value which serve to raise its pawl 82 an equal distance and thereby rotate the chain driving wheel 83 through equal angles. In addition to the nine equal projections there is one projection of suflicient elevation to give an increased movement to the driving wheel 83 suflicient to move the chain to bring a fresh pocket into registration with the cigarette pusher 30. It will of course be understood that the ratchet wheels which are operated by the pawls are fast to their shafts. The pawls 82 may be of any preferred construction and as shown comprise arms 85 mounted on the studs 86 which support the wheels and ratchets and carrying in their free end the pawl proper which engages the teeth. The arms are oscillated from the cams through means of spring-return connecting rods 87. The other cam 88 is provided throughout its periphery with cam projections of equal value so that the cigarette belt is advanced at each step through a uniform distance.

The pawl which is operated through this cam is of the same construction as the other pawl.

The shaft 80 also carries two sprocket wheels 90, 91, which drive respectively through suitable chains and sprockets the cigarette belt intermittently they may be.

shafts 92, 93, at the front and rear ends of the machine. The shaft 92 operates through suitable sprocket chains an upper shaft 94 and a lower shaft 95, on the lower of which there is supported the cam 16 which controls the feeding of the box slides from their magazines. On the upper shaft there .are continuously I driven sprockets of suitable size to give the proper relative speed to the pneumatic pickers 9, the crank shaft of the box-forming plunger, the cam shaft for operating the cigarette feed and the shaft of the sprocket 43 through which the chain 42 is operated.

The rear shaft 93 is provided with su1table connections for operating the mutilated gears 68 in opposite directions and also drlving through suitable bevel gearing the longitudinal shaft for operating the pushers 54 and 30.

It is of course obvious that other operating connections may be employed, the above described connections being shown by way of example only. It is obvious also that various other changes may be made in the mechanism without departing from the spirit of the invention. For instance instead of operating the carrier chain and operated continuously with the accessory parts moved in synchronlsm wlth the move ment of the carrier while performing other functions in connection with the cigarettes or box. The cigarettes might also be assembled in proper relation outside the slide and fed into the slide as a unit.

So far as I am aware I am the first to provide a machine of any character for packing oval cigarettes in overlapped relation in the manner demanded by the trade. I wish it therefore to be understood that my invention is not limited to any detail shown or described except so far as recited in the appended claimsand that said claims are to be interpreted broadly in view of the scope of the invention.

Having thus described my invention, what I claim and desire to secure by Letters Patent is 1. In a cigarette boxing machine, the combination of a boxholding member and automatic means for positively successively feeding a plurality of cigarettes, one at a time, into said box.

2. In a cigarette boxing machine, the combination of a boxholding device and means for feeding a plurality of cigarettes into said box and holdingthem against rotative or bodily displacement.

3. In a cigarette boxing machine, the combination of means forming a box part, means for successively feeding a plurality of cigarettes one by one into said box part, and means for completing said box.

4. In a cigarette packing machine, the combination of means for forming a wrapper to receive the cigarettes, means for feeding a plurality of cigarettes one by one into said wrapper, and means for holding the projecting portions of said wrapper can" the cigarettes.

5. In a machine for packing cigarettes of non-circular cross section, the combination of a box-holding device, means for feeding a plurality of cigarettes into said box and maintaining them in the same relative position.

6. In a machine for packing cigarettes of oval cross section, the combination of means for holding a cigarette box and means for positively feeding a plurality of cigarettes one at a time into said box with their long diameters parallel.

In a machine for packing cigarettes of oval cross section, the combination of means for holding a cigarette box, means for feeding a plurality of cigarettes one at a time into said box with their long diameters parallel, and means for lifting said cigarettes into inclined and overlapped position.

8. In a machine for packing cigarettes of oval cross section, the combination of means for holding a box shaped to accommodate a row of cigarettes, means for feeding said cigarettes into said box with their long axes parallel and perpendicular to the plane of the row and means for partially turning said cigarettes into inclined and partially overlapped position.

9. In a machine for packing cigarettes of oval cross section, the combination of means for holding a box shaped to accommodate a row of cigarettes, means for feeding said cigarettes one by one into said box with their long axes parallel and perpendicular to the plane of the row, and means for partially turning said cigarettes into inclined and partially overlapped position.

10. In a machine for packing cigarettes of oval cross section, the combination of means for holding a box shaped to accommodate a row of cigarettes, means for feeding said cigarettes one by one into said box with their long axes parallel and perpendicular to the plane of the row, means for shifting said box holder after each cigarette is fed, and means for partially turning said cigarettes into inclined and partially overlapped position.

11. In a machine for packing cigarettes, the combination of means for folding a blank into box form opened at one end, means for feeding cigarettes one by one into said box, means for closing said box after.

the desired number of cigarettes have been placed therein.

12. In a machine for packing cigarettes, the combination of means for folding the sides and one end of a blank to form a box slide open at one end, means for feeding cigarettes one at a time into said box slide, means for advancingsaid box slide a distance equal to the thickness of the cigarette after each cigarette is fed, means for folding the open end of said box slide over the ends of said ci arettes, and means for inserting said f0 ded box slide into a box shuck.

13. In a machine for packing cigarettes, the combination of a carrier provided with a series of cigarette holding pockets spaced to permit inspection and adjustment of said cigarettes, means for advancing said carrier and for feeding a cigarette into each of said pockets, a box holding device arranged adjacent said carrier at a point in its travel beyond said cigarette feeding means, and means for removing the cigarettes from said carrier and inserting them in said box.

14:. In a machine for packing cigarettes, the combination of a carrier provided with a series of cigarette holding pockets spaced to permit inspection and adjustment of said cigarettes, means for advancing said carrier and for feeding a cigarette into each of said pockets, a box holding carrier arranged adjacent said carrier at a point in its travel beyond said cigarette feeding means, means for removing the cigarettes from said carrier and inserting them in said box, and means adjacent said carrier at a point beyond said cigarette feeding means for transferring the cigarettes from their carrier to the boxes on the box carrier.

15. In a machine for packing cigarettes, the combination of a carrier provided with a series of cigarette holding pockets spaced to permit inspection and adjustment of said for removin the ci arettes from said carrier at a point beyond said cigarette feeding means for transferring the cigarettes one at a time from their carrier to the boxes on the box carrierfand means for advancing said carrier at such relative rates of speed that each succeeding cigarette holder coincides with said transferring means when the cigarette box has advanced a distance equal to approximately the thickness of the cigarettes.

16. In a machine for packing cigarettes, the combination of a carrier provided with a series of cigarette holding pockets spaced to permit inspection and adjustment of said cigarettes, means for advancing said carrier and for feeding a cigarette into each of said pockets, a box holding carrier arranged adjacent said carrier at a point in its travel beyond said cigarette feeding means, means for removing the cigarettes from said carrier at a point beyond said cigarette feeding means for transferring the cigarettes one at a time from their carrier to the boxes on the box carrier, means for advancing said cigarette carrier intermittently to bring the cigarettes successively into coincidence with said transferring means, and means for advancing said box carrier intermittently to move the last fed cigarette beyond said transferring means a sufficient distance for the box to receive the succeeding cigarettes.

17. In a machine for packing cigarettes of oval cross section, the combination of means for holding a box shaped to accommodate a row of cigarettes, means for feeding said cigarettes one by one into said box with their long axes parallel and perpendicular to the plane of the row, means for partially turning said cigarettes into inclined and partially overlapped position, and means for inserting said box in an outer shell.

18. In a machine for packing cigarettes of oval section, the combination of means for holding a box shaped to accommodate a row of cigarettes, means for feeding said cigarettes one by one into said box with their long axes parallel and perpendicular to the plane of the row, means for shifting said box holder after each cigarette is fed, and means for partially turning said cigarettes into inclined and partially overlapped position, and means for inserting said box in an outer shell.

19. In a cigarette packing machine, the combination of means for forming a wrapper to receive the cigarettes, and means for feeding a plurality of cigarettes one by one into said wrapper.

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20. In a machine for packing cigarettes of oval cross section, the combination of means for holding a box shaped to accommodate a row of cigarettes, and means for feeding said cigarettes one by one into said box with their long axes parallel and perpendicular to the plane of the row.

21. In a machine for packing cigarettes of oval cross section, the combination of means for holding a box shaped to accommodate a row of cigarettes, means for feeding said cigarettes lnto said box with their long axes parallel and perpendicular to the plane of the row, means for partially turning said cigarettes into inclined and 15 partially overlapped position, and means for inserting said box in an outer shell.

Signed at New York in the county of New York and State of New York, this 2nd day of December, 1914:.

GEORGE E. FLAGG. Witnessesz W. B. MORTON, M. E. Evnmnn. 

